Pemanfaatan Susu Untuk Pencegahan Stunting: (Studi Komprehensif tentang Pentingnya Susu dalam Meningkatkan Imunitas sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Stunting)

Authors

Penulis : Revi Gama Hatta Novika, Sigit Prastowo, Lanjar, Nurul Jannatul Wahidah, Atriany Nilam Sari, Siti Nurhidayati, Luluk Fajria Maulida, Rufidah Maulina; Editor: Eka Deviany Widyawaty;

Keywords:

susu, pencegahan stunting, imunitas

Synopsis

          Masalah gizi merupakan masalah serius yang di dialami oleh tiap-tiap negara, utamanya Indonesia. Saat ini Indonesia menghadapi “triple burden malnutrition”, yakni obesitas, wasting, dan stunting. Penyebab utama malnutrition, salah satunya adalah kurangnya asupan nutrisi dalam jangka panjang. Intervensi penanganan malnutrition harus berfokus pada pemenuhan nutrisi yang mendukung melalui pemberian makanan yang tepat. Susu merupakan sekresi biologis sapi sebagai immune booster yang kaya makro dan mikro nutrient. Protein susu dalam bentuk β-kasein A1 menghasilkan metabolit β-Casomorphins-7 (BCM-7) yang berhubungan dengan penyakit malnutrition dan immune system pada balita.

         Buku ini hadir sebagai bahan referensi dan menambah pengetahuan pembaca terkait pentingnya pemanfaatan susu untuk pencegahan stunting.

ISBN: 978-623-5431-39-0

Referensi:

  1. Albers, R., Antoine, J.M., Bourdet-Sicard, R., Calder, P.C., Gleeson, M., Lesourd, B., Samartin, S., Sanderson, I.R., Van Loo, J., Vas Dias, F.W., and Watzl, B. 2005. “Markers to Measure Immunomodulation in Human Nutrition Intervention Studies”. British Journal of Nutrition. 94: 452—481.
  2. Amarya, S., Singh, K., and Sabharwal, M. 2015. “Changes during Aging and Their Association with Malnutrition”. Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics. 6(3): 78-84.
  3. Anderson, J.M. and Van Itallie, C.M. 2008. “Tight Junctions”. Curr Biol. 18(20): R941-R943.
  4. Bachrach, V.R., Schwarz, E., and Bachrach, L.R. 2003. “Breastfeeding and The Risk of Hospitalization for Respiratory Disease in Infancy: A Meta-Analysis”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 157(3): 237-243.
  5. Balda, M.S., Fallon, M.B., Van Itallie, C.M, and Andersonet, J.M. 1992. “Structure, Regulation, and Pathophysiology of Tight Junctions in The Gastrointestinal Tract”. Yale J Biol Med. 65(6): 725-735.
  6. Ballard, O. and Morrow, A.L. 2013. “Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and Bioactive Factors”. Pediatr Clin North Am. 60(1): 49—74.
  7. Barisic,K., Rumora, L., Grdic, M. and Juretic, D. 2008. “Frequency of Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase Gene Mutations in the Healthy Population of Croatia”. Croatiia Chemica Acta. 81(1): 125-130.
  8. Barlowska, J., Szwajkowska, M., Litwinczuk, Z., and Krol, J. 2011. “Nutritional Value and Technological Suitability of Milk from Various Animal Species used for Dairy Production”. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 10: 291-302.
  9. Baumrucker, C.R., Campana, W.M., Gibson, C.A., and Kerr, D.E. 1993. “Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) and IGF Binding Proteins in Milk: Sources and Functions”. Endocr. Regul. 27: 157-172.
  10. Bellioni-Businco, B., Paganelli, R., Lucenti, P., Giampietro, P.G., Perbom, H. and Businco, L., 1999. “Allergenicity of Goat's Milk in Children with Cow's Milk Allergy”. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103 (6): 11911194,
  11. Bernhisel-Broadbent, J.M., Yolken, R.H.M., and Sampson, H.A.M. 1991. “Allergenicity of Orally Administered Immunoglobulin Preparations in Food-Allergic Children”. Pediatrics. 87: 208-214.
  12. Bitzan, M.M., Gold, B.D., Philpott, D.J., Huesca, M., Sherman, P.M., Karch, H., Lissner, R., Lingwood, C.A., and Karmali, M.A. 1998. “Inhibition of Helicobacter Pylori and Helicobacter Mustelae Binding to Lipid Receptors by Bovine Colostrum”. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 177: 955-961.
  13. Bode L. 2012. “Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Every Baby Needs A Sugar Mama. Glycobiology. 22(9): 1147-1162.
  14. Boudry, C., Buldgen, A., Portetelle, D., Collard, A., Thewis, A., and Dehoux, J.P. 2007. “Effects of Oral Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum on the Immune System of Weaned Piglets”. Research in Veterinary Science, 83: 91-—101.
  15. Bourke, C.D., Berkley, J.A., and Prendergast, A.J. 2016. “Immune Dysfunction as A Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition”. Trends Immunol. 37(6): 386-398.
  16. BPOM. 2011. Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor HK.03.1.23.11.11.09909 Tahun 2011 Tentang Pengawasan Klaim dalam Label dan Iklan Pangan Olahan.
  17. Briissow, H., Hilpert, H., Walther, I., Sidoti, J., Mietens, C., and Bachmann, P. 1987. “Bovine Milk Immunoglobulins for Passive Immunity to Infantile Rotavirus Gastroenteritis”. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2516): 982-986.
  18. Brunser, O., Espinoza, J., Araya, M., Cruchet, S., Gil, A. 1994. “Effect of Dietary Nucleotide Supplementation on Diarrhoeal Disease in Infants”. Acta Paediatr Scand. 83: 188-191.
  19. Cacho, N.T and Lawrence, R.M. 2017. “Innate Immunity and Breast Milk”. Front Immunol. 8: 1-10.
  20. Calder, P.C., Krauss-Etschmamn, S., de Jong, E.C., Dupont, C., Frick, J.S., Frokiaer, H., Heinrich, J., Garn, H., Koletzko, S., Gideon Lack, G., Mattelio, G., Renz, H., Sangild, P.T., Schrezenmeir, J., Stulnig, T.M., Thymann, T., Wold, A.E., and Koletzko, B. 2006. “Early Nutrition and Immunity — Progress and Perspectives”. Br J Nutr. 96: 774-790.
  21. Calder, pc. 2007. “Immunological Parameters: What Do They Mean?”. The Journal of Nutrition. 137(3): 773S-780S.
  22. Campana, W.M. and Baumrucker, C.R. 1995. Hormones and Growth Factors in Bovine Milk. San Diego: Academic Press.
  23. Carver,J.D., Pimentel, B., Cox, W.I., Barness, L.A. 1991. “Dietary Nucleotide Effects upon Immune Function in Infants”. Pediatrics. 88: 359-363
  24. Clayburgh, D.R., Shen, L. and Turner, J.R. 2004. “A Porous Defense: The Leaky Epithelial Barrier in Intestinal Disease”. Lab Invest. 84(3) 282-291.
  25. Collins, A.M., Roberton, D.M., Hosking, C.S., and Flannery, G.R. 1991. “Bovine Milk, including Pasteurized Milk, Contains Antibodies Directed against Allergens of Clinical Importance to Man”. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 96(4): 362-7.
  26. Daddaoua, A., Puerta, V., Reguena, P., Martinez-Ferez, A., Guadix, E., De Medina, F.S., Zarzuelo, A., Suarez, M.D., Boza, J.J., and Martinez-Augustin, O. 2006. “Goat Milk Oligosaccharides are Anti-Inflammatory in Rats with Hapten-Induced Colitis”. Journal of Nutrition, 136:672-676.
  27. den Hartog, G., Jacobino, S., Bont, L., Cox, L., Ulfman, L.H., Leusen, J.H., and van Neerven, R.J.J. 2014. “Specificity and Effector Functions of Human RSV-Specific IgG from Bovine Milk”. PLoS One. 9(11): 1—8.
  28. Detzel, C.J., Horgan, A., Henderson, A.L., Petschow, B.W., Warner, C.D., Maas, K.J., and Weaver, E.M. 2015. “Bovine Immunoglobulin/Protein isolate Binds Pro-Inflammatory Bacterial Compounds and Prevents Immune Activation in An Intestinal Co-Culture Model”. PLoS One. 10(4): 1-18.
  29. Dixon, D-L. 2015. “The Role of Human Milk Immunomodulators in Protecting against Viral Bronchiolitis and Development of Chronic Wheezing Illness”. Children (Basel). 2(3): 289-304.
  30. Dohler, J.R. and Nebermamn, L. 2002. “Bovine Colostrum in Oral Treatment of Enterogenic Endotoxaemia in Rats”. Critical Care, 6: 536-539.
  31. Duncan, B., Ey, J., Holberg, C.J., Wright, A.L., Martinez, F.D. and Taussig, L.M. 1993. “Exclusive Breast-Feeding for at least 4 Months Protects Against Otitis Media”. Pediatrics. 91(5): 867-872.
  32. Dunstan, J.A., Mori, T.A., Barden, A., Beilin, L.J., Taylor, A.L., Holt, P.G. and Prescott, S.L. 2003. “Fish Oil Supplementation in Pregnancy Modifies Neonatal Allergen Specific Immune Responses and Clinical Outcomes in Infants at High Risk of Atopy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial”. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 112(6): 1178-1184.
  33. El-Agamy, E.I. 2007. “The Challenge of Cow Milk Protein Allergy”. Small Ruminant Research, 68(1-2): 64-72.
  34. El-Agamy, E.I., Nawar, M., Shamsia, S.M., Awad, S., Haenlein, G.F.W. 2009. “Are Camel Milk Proteins Convenient to The Nutrition of Cow Milk Allergic Children?”. Small Rumin Res. 82(1): 1-6.
  35. Engfer, M.B., Stahl, B., Finke, B., Sawatzki, G., and Daniel, H. 2000. “Human Milk Oligosaccharides are Resistant to Enzymatic Hydrolysis in The Upper Gastrointestinal Tract”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71: 1589-1596.
  36. Forbes, B.E. 2016. “Two Years in IGF1 Research”. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 30-31, 70—74.
  37. Fukumoto, L.R. 1992. Isolation of Immunoglobulin from Cheese Whey and Milk Using Ultrafiltration and Immobilized Metal Chromatography. Thesis. The Faculty of Graduate Studies, Department of Food Science. The University of British Columbia.
  38. Gaertner, C. 2007. “The Importance of Nutrition in Immunity”. Anno. 18(2): 1-3.
  39. Ganapathy, S. 2009. “Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Immunity in Infants”. Indian Pediatrics. 46: 785-790.
  40. Gasmalla, M.A.A, Tessema, H.A., Salaheldin, A., Kamal-Alahmad, Hassanin, H.A.M., Aboshora, W. 2017. “Health Benefits of Milk and Functional Dairy Products”. MOJ Food process Technol. 4(4): 1—4.
  41. Georgiev, P. 2003. “Effect of Colostrum Insulin-Like Growth Factors on Growth and Development of Neonatal Calves”. Bulgarian Journal Of Veterinary Medicine. 11(2): 75-88.
  42. Goldman, A.S. 1993. “The Immune System of Human Milk: Antimicrobial, Anti Inflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties”. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 12(9): 664—71.
  43. Goldman, A.S., Garza, C., Nichols, B.L., Goldblum, R.M. 1982. “Immunologic Factors in Human Milk During the First Year of Lactation”. J Pediatr. 100: 563—567.
  44. Gopal, P.K. and Gill, H.S. 2000. “Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates in bovine Milk and Colostrum”. British Journal of Nutrition, 84(Suppl 1): S69—S74.
  45. Gorog, P., and Kovacs, I.B. 1978. “Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Sialic Acid”. Agents and Actions. 8: 543-545.
  46. Gross, S.J., Buckley, R.H., Wakil, S.S., MCAllister, D.C., David, RJ., and Faix, R.G. 1981. “Elevated IgA Concentration in Milk Produce by Mothers Delivered of Preterm Infants”. J Pediatr. 99(3): 389-393.
  47. Harstock, A. and Nielsen W.J. 2008. “Adherens and Tight Junction: structure, function and connections to the actin cytoskeleton”. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1778(3): 660-669.
  48. Hassan, J., Reen, D.J. 1996. “Reduced Primary Antigen Specific T-Cell Precursor Frequencies in Neonates Isassociated with Deficient Interleukin-2 Production”. Immunology. 87: 604-608.
  49. Haug, A., Hostmark, A.T. and Harstad, O.M. 2007. “Bovine Milk in Human Nutrition — A Review”. Lipids in Health and Disease. 6(25): 1-16.
  50. Henry, M.C., and Moss, RL. 2008. “Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis”. Semin Pediatr Surg. 17(2): 98-109.
  51. Hollis, B., Roos, B., Draper, H. and Lambert , P. 1982. “Vitamin D and Its Metabolites in Human and Bovine Milk”. J Nutr. 111: 1240-1248.
  52. Host, A., Husby, S. and Osterballe, O. 1988. “A Prospective Study of Cow's Milk Allergy in Exclusively Breast-Fed Infants”. Acta Paediatr Scand. 77(5): 663-670.
  53. Hsiao, E.Y. 2014. “Gastrointestinal Issues in Autism Spectrum Disorder”. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 22(2): 104-111.
  54. Hurley, W.L. and Theil, P.K. 2011. “Perspectives on Immunoglobulins in Colostrum and Milk”. Nutrients. 3: 442-474.
  55.  Ingersoll, M.A., Platt, A.M., Potteaux, S., and Randolph, G.J. 2011. “Monocyte Trafficking in Acute and Chronic Inflammation”. Trends in Immunology. 32: 470—477.
  56.  Izcue, A., Coombes, J.L. and Powrie, F. 2009. “Regulatory Lymphocytes and Intestinal Inflammation”. Annual Review of Immunology. 27: 313-338.
  57.  Jakaitis, B.M and Denning, PW. 2014. “Human Breast Milk and The Gastrointestinal Innate Immune System”. Clin Perinatol. 41(2): 423—435.
  58. Janas, L.M., Picciano, M.F. 1982. “The Nucleotide Profile of Human Milk”. Pediatr Res. 16: 659-662.
  59. Jarvinen, K.M., Westfall, J.E., Seppo, M.S., James, A.K., Tsuang, A.J., Feustel, P.J., Sampson, H.A. and Berin, C. 2014. “Role of Maternal Elimination Diets and Human Milk IgA in The Development of Cow's Milk Allergy in The Infants”. Clin Exp Allergy. 44(1): 69-78.
  60. Jenny, M., Pedersen, N.R., Hidayat, B.J., Schennach, H., and Fuchs, D. 2010. “Bovine Colostrum Modulates Immune Activation Cascades in Human Peripheral Blood Mononucleas Cells in Vitro”. New Microbiologica, 33: 129-135.
  61. Jeurink, P.V., Knipping, K., Wiens, E., Baranska, K., Stahl, B., Garssen, J. and Krolak-Olejnik, B. 2018. “Importance of Maternal Diet in The Training of The Infant's Immune System During Gestation and Lactation”. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1-10.
  62. Jeurink, P.V., Knipping, K., Wiens, F., Baranska, K., Stahl, B., Garssen, J. and & Krolak-Olejnik, B. 2018. “Importance of Maternal Diet in The Training of The Infant's Immune System during Gestation and Lactation”. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1-9.
  63. Jianqin, S., Leiming, X., Lu, X., Yelland, G.W., Ni, J. and Clarke, AJ. 2016. “Effects of Milk Containing Both A1 and A2 Beta-CaseinProteins on Gastrointestinal Physiology, Symptoms O Discomfort, and Cognitive Behavior of People with Self-Reported Intolerance to Traditional Cows' Milk”. Nutrition Journal. 15(35): 1-16.
  64. Jonsson, F. and Daeron, M. 2012. “Mast Cells and Company. Frontiers in Immunology”. 3: 1-18.
  65. Karlsson, M.G.E., Jorge, G. and Johnny, L. 2001. “Cow’s Milk Protein Cause Similar Th1-and Th2-like Immune Response in Diabetic and Healthy Children”. Diabetologia. 44(9): 1140-1029.
  66. Keel, M.K. and Songer, J.G. 2006. “The Comparative Pathology of Clostridium Difficile-Associated Disease”. Vet Pathol. 43: 225-249,
  67. Keller, K.M., Burgin-Wolff, A., Lippold, R., Wirth, S. and Lentze. M.J. 1996. “The Diagnosticsignificance of IgG Cow's Milk Protein Antibodies Re-Evaluated”. European Journal of Pediatrics. 155(4): 331—337.
  68. Kelley, D.S. and Bendich, A. 1996. “Essential Nutrients and Immunologic Functions”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63(6): 994S-996S.
  69. Kelly, K.J., Lazenby, A.J., Rowe, P.C., Yardley, J., 1995. “Eosinophilic Oesophagitis Attributed to Gastroesophageal Reflux: Improvement with An Amino Acid-Based Formula”. Gastroenterology. 109: 1503-1512.
  70. Koletzko, S., Niggemamn, B., Arato, A., Dias, J.A., Heuschkel, R., Husby, S., Mearin, M.L., Papadopoulou, A., Ruemmele, F.M., Staiano, A., Schappi, M.G., and Vandenplas, Y. 2012. “Diagnostic Approach and Management of Cow's-Milk Protein Allergy in Infants and Children: ESPGHAN GI Committee Practical Guidelines”. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 55(2): 221-229.
  71. Korhonen, H., Mamila, P. and Gill, H.S. 2000. “Bovine Milk Antibodies for Health”. British Journal of Nutrition, 84 (Suppl.1): S135-146.
  72. Lai, K., Tang, M., Yin, X., Klapper, H., Wierenga, K. and Elsas, L. 2008. “ARHI: A New Target of Galactose Toxicity in Classic Galactosemia”. Biosci Hypotheses. 1(5): 263-271.
  73. Lluis, A., Depner, M., Gaugler, B., Saas, P., Casaca V.L., Raedler, D., Michel, S., Tost, J., Liu, J., Genuneit, J., Pfefferle, P., Roponen, M., Weber, J., Braun-Fahrlander, C., Riedler, J., Lauener, R., Vuitton, D.A., Dalphin, J.C., Pekaenen, J., von Mutius, E., Schaub, B. 2014. “Increased Regulatory T-cell Numbers are Associated with Farm Milk Exposure and Lower Atopic Sesitization and Asthma in childhood”. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 133:551-559.
  74. Los, E, and Ford, G.A. 2018. Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridvltransferase Deficiency (Galactosemia). StatPearls Publishing LLC. hctps:// www.ncbi.nIm.nih.gov/books/NBK 44 19577.
  75. Loss, G., Apprich, S., Waser, M., Kneifel, W., Genueit, J., Buchele, G, Weber, J., Sozanska, B., Danielewicz, H., Horak, E., van Neerven R.J., Heederik, D., Lorenzen, P.C., von Mutius, E., Braun Fahrlander, C., GABRIELA study group. 2011. “The Protective Effect of Farm Milk Consumption on Childhood Asthma and Atopy: The GABRIELA study”. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 128: 766-773.
  76. Lucas, A. and Cole, T.J. 1990. “Breast Milk and Neonatal Necrotising Enterocolitis”. Lancet. 336(8730): 1519-1523.
  77. Lundguist, P. and Artursson, P. 2016. “Oral Absorption of Peptides and Nanoparticles Across The Human Intestine: Opportunities, Limitations and Studies in Human Tissues”. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 106: 256-276.
  78. Marcos, A., Nova, E., and Montero, A. 2003. “Changes in The Immune System are Conditioned by Nutrition”. Eur J Clin Nutr. 57(Suppl 1): S66-S69.
  79. Martin, C.R., Ling, PR. and Blackburn, G.L. 2016. “Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula”. Nutrients. 8(279): 1-11.
  80. Martin-Murioz, M.F., Pineda, F., Parrado, G.G., Guillen, D., Rivero, D., Belver, T., Quirce, S. 2016. “Food Allergy in Breastfeeding Babies. Hidden Allergens in Human Milk”. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 48(4): 123-128.
  81. Martin-Sosa, S., Martin, M-J, Garcia-Pardo, L-A and Hueso, P. 2003. “Sialyloligosaccharides in Human and Bovine Milk and in Infant Formulas: Variations with The Progression of Lactation”. J Dairy Sci. 86:52-59.
  82. Martorell-Aragones A., Echeverria-Zudaire, L., Alonso-Lebrero, E., BoneCalvo, J., Martin-Munoz, M.F., Nevot-Falco, S., Piguer-Gibert, M., Valdesoiro-Navarrete, L. 2015. “Position Document: IgE-Mediated Cow's Milk Allergy”. Allergol. Immunopathol. 43: 507—26.
  83. Mattila-Sandholm, T. And Saarela, M. 2003. Functional Dairy Products. First publised. Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Cambridge England and CRC Press LLC.
  84. Mattila-Sandholm, T. and Saarela, M. 2003. Functional Dairy Products. First published. Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge England, and CRC Press LLC.
  85. McElroy, S.J. and Weitkamp, J.H. 2011. “Innate Immunity in The Small Intestine of The Preterm Infant”. Neoreviews. 1(9): e517—526.
  86. Mehra, R., Marnila P., and Korhonen H. 2006. “Milk Immunoglobulins for Health Promotion”. International Dairy Journal. 16(11): 1262-1271.
  87. Mehta, R. and Petrova, A. 2011. “Biologically Active Breast Milk Proteins  in Association with Very Preterm Delivery and Stage of Lactation”. J Perinatol. 31(1): 58-62.
  88. Meyer, Z., Hoflich, C., Wirthgen, E., Olm, S., Hammon, H.M., and Hoeflich, A. 2017. “Analysis of The IGF-System in Milk from Farm Animals-Occurrence, Regulation, and Biomarker Potential”. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 35: 1-7.
  89. Miller, G.D., Jarvis J.K., and Mcbean L.D. 2000. Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition. Second edition. New York: Boca Raton, CRC Press.
  90. Miller, G.D., Jarvis, J.K., and Mcbean, L.D. 2000. Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition. Second edition. London: CRC Press.
  91. Mitra, A.K., Mahalanabis D., Ashraf H., Unicomb L., Eeckels R., and Tzipori, S. 1995. “Hyperimmune Cow Colostrum Reduces Diarrhea due to Rotavirus—A Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical-Trial”. Acta Paediatrica, 84: 996-—1001.
  92. Mller, L.E., Lehtoranta, L., and Lehtinen, M.J. 2017. “The Effect of Bifidobacterium Animalis Ssp. Lactis HNO19 on Cellular Immune Function in Healthy Elderly Subjects: Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis”. Nutrients. 9(3): 1-9.
  93. Mobarhan, S., Bowen, P., Andersen, B., Evans, M., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Sugerman S., Simms, P., Lucchesi, D. and Friedman, H. 1990. “Effects of Beta-Carotene Repletion Onbeta-Carotene Absorption, Lipid Peroxidation, and Neutrophil Superoxide Formation in Young Men”. Nutr Cancer. 14: 195-206.
  94. Moles, J-P., Tuaillon, E., Kankasa, C., Bedin, A-S., Nagot, N., Marchant, A., McDermid, J.M., Van de Perre, P. 2018. “Breastmilk Cell Trafficking Induces Microchimerism-Mediated Immune System Maturation in The Infant”. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 29: 133-143.
  95. Morrill, K.M. 2011. Modifying Current Laboratory Methods for Rapid Determination of Colostral Igg Concentration and Colostral IgG Absorption in The Neonate. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 10156. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10156.
  96. Mota, I., Piedade, S., Gaspar, A., Benito-Garcia, F., Sampaio, G. Borrego, L.M., and Morais-Almeida, M. 2018. “Cow's Milk Oral Immunotherapy in Real Life: 8-Year Long-Term Follow-Up Study”. Asia Pac Allergy. 8(3): e28: 1-11. NABA. 1997. Breastmilk the Gold Standard. National Alliance for Breastfeeding Advocacy (NABA): 9684 Oak Hill Dr., Ellicof City, email: BarbB13@aol.com
  97. Nenwitch, I. Pokorna, M., Novakova, J., and Dunovsk, J. 2003. “IgG and IgA serum Antibodies to Cow Milk in Breastfed or Formula Fed Healthy Infants”. Scripta Medica (BRNO). 76(3): 133-140.
  98. Newburg, D.S. 2005. “Innate Immunity and Human Milk”. J Nutr. 135: 1308-1312.
  99. NICHD. 2012. Research on Breastfeeding & Breast Milk at the NICHD. National Institute of Child and Health Development (NICHD).
  100. Norman, M.U., and Hickey M.J. 2005. “Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Migration in Autoimmune Disease”. Tissue Antigens, 66: 163-172.
  101. Onizawa, Y., Noguchi, E., Okada, M., Sumazaki, R. and Hayashi, D. 2016. “The Association of The Delayed Introduction of Cow's Milk with Ige-Mediated Cow's Milk Allergies”. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Pract. 4 (3): 481—488 e2.
  102. Pacha, J. 2000. “Development of Intestinal Transport Function in Mammals”. Physiological Reviews. 80: 1633-1667.
  103. Perdijk, O., van Splunter M., Savelkoul H.F.J. Brugman, S., and van Neerven R.J.J. 2018. “Cow's Milk and Immune Function in The Respiratory Tract: Potential Mechanisms”. Front Immunol. 9: 1-14.
  104. Perdijk, O., van Splunter, M., Savelkoul, H.F.J., Brugman, S., and van Neerven, R.J.J. 2018. “Cow's Milk and Immune Function in The Respiratory Tract: Potential Mechanisms”. Front Immunol. 9: 1-14.
  105. Perdijk, O., van Splunter, M., Savelkoul, H.FJ., Brugman, S., and van Neerven, R.J.J. 2018. “Cow's Milk and Immune Function in The Respiratory Tract: Potential Mechanisms”. Front Immunol. 9: 1-14.
  106. Perdijk, O., van Spunter, M., Savelkoul, H.F.J., Brugman, S., van Neerven, R.J.J. 2018. “Cow’s Milk and Immune Function in the Respiratory Tract: Potential Mechanisms”. Front Immunol. 9:1-14.
  107. Peroni, D.G., Piacentini, G.L., Bodini, A., Pigozzi, R. and Boner, A.L. 2009. “Transforming Growth Factor-R1 is Elevated in Unpasteurized Cow's Milk”. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 20: 42—44.
  108. Pickering, L.K., Granoff, D.M., Erickson, J.R., Masor, M.L., Cordle, C.T., Schaller, JB, Winship, T.R., Paule, C.L., Hilty, M.D. 1998. “Modulation of The Immune System by Human Milk and Infan! Formula Containing Nucleotides”. Pediatrics. 101(2): 242-249.
  109. Pinnock, C.B., Graham, N.M., Mylvaganam, A., Douglas, R.M. 1990. “Relationship between Milk Intake and Mucus Production in Adult Volunteers Challenged with Rhinovirus-2”. Am Rev Respir Dis. 141: 352-356.
  110. Pu, F., Guo Y., He F., Zhu H., Wang S., Shen X., He M., and Li M. 2017. “Protective Effects of Fermented Milk with Selected Probiotics against Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections by Enhancement of Immunity of The Elderly: An Open-Label Trial”. FASEB Journal, 31 (4 Supplement).
  111. Rehrer, L. 2014. Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase (GALT) and Galactosemia. A Review of GALT Function and Current Theories on Galactosemia Pathogenesis. A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the reguirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University.
  112. Renukuntla, J., Vadlapudi, A.D., A. Patel, A., Boddu, S.H.S. and Mitra, A.K. 2013. “Approaches for Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Peptides and Proteins”. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 447: 75—93.
  113. Riedler, J., Braun-Fahrlander, C., Eder, W., Schreuer, M., Waser, M., Maisch, S., Carr, D., Schierl, R., Nowak, D., von Mutius, E., ALEX Study Team. 2001. “Exposure to Farming in Early Life and Development of Asthma and Allergy: A Cross-Sectional Survey”. Lancet. 358: 1129—1133.
  114. Riva, E., Verduci, E., Agostoni, C. and Giovannini, M. 2005. “Closer to The Gold Standard: An Appraisal of Formulae Available in Italy for Use in Formula-Fed Infants”. J Int Med Res. 33: 595-611.
  115. Sabbaj, S., Ghosh, M.K. and Edwards, B.H, Leeth, R., Decker, W.D., Goepfert, P.A. and Aldrovandi, G.M. 2005. “Breast MilkDerived Antigen-Specific CD84 T Cells: An Extralymphoid Effector Memory Cell Population in Humans”. J Immunol. 174: 2951-2956.
  116. Sakaguchi S., Yamaguchi, T., Nomura, T. and Ono, M. 2008. “Regulatory T Cells and Immune Tolerance”. Cell. 133 (5): 775—87.
  117. Sansotta, N., Piacentini, G.L., Mazzei, E., Minniti, F., Boner, A.L. and Peroni, D.G. 2013. “Timing of Introduction of Solid Food and Risk of Allergic Disease Development: Understanding The Evidence”. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 41(5): 337-345.
  118. Sartor, R.B. 2008. “Microbial Influences in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases”. Gastroenterology. (2): 577-594.
  119. Schlesinger, L., Munoz, C., Arevalo, M., Arredondo, S., and Mendez, G. 1989. “Functional Capacity of Colostral Leukocytes from Women Delivering Prematurely”. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 18(1): 89-94.
  120. Schmautz, C., Hillreiner, M., Ballweg, I., Pfaffl, M.W. and Kliem, H. 2018. “Stimulated Enrichment of Clostridium difficile Specific IgA in Mature Cow's Milk”. PLoS ONE. 13(4): e0195275, 1-17.
  121. Siregar, S.P. dan Munasir, Z. 2006. “Pentingnya Pencegahan Dini dan Tata laksana Alergi Susu Sapi”. Sari Pediatri. 7(4): 237-243.
  122. Soesatyo, M.H.N.E. 1992. The Immune Response in The Gut. Role of peritoneal cells. PhD thesis Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  123. Sparks, A.L., J.G. Kirkpatrick, C.S. Chamberlain, D. Waldner, and L.J. Spicer. 2003. “Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and It's Binding Proteins in Colostrum Compared to Measures in Serum of Holstein Neonates”. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 2022-2029.
  124. Strand, T.A., Sharma, P.R., Gjessing, H.K., Ulak, M., Chandyo, R.K., Adhikari, R.K and Sommerfelt, H. 2012. “Risk Factors for Extended Duration of Acute Diarrhea in Young Children”. PLoS One. 7(5): e36436.
  125. Tacket, C.O., Binion, S.B., Bostwick, E., Losonsky, G., Roy, M.J. and Edelman, R. 1992. “Efficacy of Bovine-Milk Immunoglobulin Concentrate in Preventing Illness After Shigella-Flexneri Challenge”. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 47: 276—283.
  126. Takeda, K. and Okumura, K. 2007. “Effects of A Fermented Milk Drink Containing Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota on The Human NKCell Activity”. J. Nutr. 137: 7915-7935.
  127. Taniuchi, S., Takahashi, M., Soejima, K., Hatano, Y., and Minami, H. 2017. “Immunotherapy for Cow's Milk Allergy”. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 13(10): 2443 2451.
  128. Tao, N., Depeters, E.J., German, J.B., Grimm, R. and Lebrilla, C.B. 2009. “Variations in Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides During Early and Middle Lactation Stages Analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Chip/Mass Spectrometry”. Journal of Dairy Science. 92: 2991—3001.
  129. ten Bruggencate, S.J., Bovee-Oudenhoven, IL.M., Feitsma, A.L., van Hoffen, E. and Schoterman M.H. 2014. “Functional Role and Mechanisms of Sialyllactose and Other Sialylated Milk Oligosaccharides”. Nutr Rev. 72: 377—789.
  130. Teran, R., Mitre, E., Vaca, M., Erazo, S., Oviedo, G., Hubner, M.P., Chico, M.E., Mattapallil, J.J., Bickle, O., Rodrigues, L.C. and Coope, PJ. 2011. “Immune System Development during Early Childhood in Tropical Latin America: Evidence for The Age-Dependent Down Regulation of The Innate Immune Response”. Clin Immunol. 138(3):299-310.
  131. Terracciano, L., Isoardi, B., Arrigoni, S., Zoja, A., Martelli, A. 2002. “Use of Hydrolysates in The Treatment of Cow's Milk Allergy”. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 89 (6 Suppl. 1): 86-90.
  132. Thapa, B.R. 2005. “Therapeutic Potentials of Bovine Colostrums”. Indian Journal of Pediatrics.72: 849-852.
  133. Thoreux, K., Owen, R.L and Schmucker, D.L. 2007. “Functional Foods, Mucosal Immunity and Aging: Effect of Probiotics on Intestinal Immunity in Young and Old Rats”. Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology. 458-465.
  134. Tuaillon, E., Valea, D., Becguart, P., Al Tabaa, Y., Meda, N., Bollore, K., Van de Perre, P., Vendrell, J.P. 2009. “ Human Milk-Derived B celis: A Highly Activated Switched Memory Cell Population Primed to Secrete Antibodies”. J Immunol. 182: 7155-7162.
  135. Ulfman, L.H., Leusen, J.H.W., Savelkoul, H.F.J., Warner, J.O. and van Neerven, RJ.J. 2018. “Effects of Bovine Immunoglobulins on Immune Function, Allergy, and Infection”. Front Nutr. 5: 1-20.
  136. Urashima, T., Taufik, E., Fukuda, K. and Asakuma, S. 2013. “Recent Advances in Studies on Milk Oligosaccharides of Cows and Other Domestic Farm Animals”, Bioscience, Biotechnology, ang Biochemistry. 77: 455-466.
  137. Ushida Y., Shimokawa, Y., Toida, T., Matsui, H., and Takase, M. 2007. “Bovine Alpha Lactalbumin Stimulates Mucus Metabolism in Gastric Mucosa”. J Dairy Sci. 90: 541-546.
  138. van Neerven, R.J.J. 2014. “The Effects of Milk and Colostrum on Allergy and Infection: Mechanisms and Implications”. Anim Front. 4(2): 16-22.
  139. van Neerven, R.J.J., Knol, E.F., Heck, J.M.L., and Savelkoul, H.F.J. 2012. “Which Factors in Raw Cow's Milk Contribute to Protection against Allergies”. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 130: 853 858.
  140. Van Odijk, J., Kull, I., Borres, M.P., Brandtzaeg, P., Edberg, U., Hanson L.A., Host, A., Kuitunen, M., Olsen, S.F., Skerfving, S., Sundell, J. and Wille, S. 2003. “Breastfeeding and Allergic Disease: A Multidisciplinary Review of The Literature (1966—2001) on The Mode of Early Feeding in Infancy and Its Impact on Later Atopic Manifestations”. Allergy. 58: 833-843.
  141. Vandenplas, Y., De Greef, E. and Devreker, T. 2014. “Treatment of Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy”. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 17(1) 1-5.
  142. Villa, C., Costa, J., Oliveira, M.B.P.P. and Mafra, I. 2018. “Bovine Milk Allergens: A Comprehensive Review”. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 137-164.
  143. Von Mutius, E. and Vercelli, D. 2010. “Farm Living: Effects on Childhood Asthma and Allergy”. Nat Rev Immunol. 10: 861—868.
  144. Wal, J.M. 2004. “Bovine Milk Allergenicity”. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 93(5 Suppl 3): S2-11.
  145. Walker, W.A. and Iyengar, R.S. 2015, “Breast Milk, Microbiota, and Intestinal Immune Homeostasis”. Pediatric Research. 77(1):  220-228.
  146. Westrom, B.R., Ohlsson, B.G., Svendsen, J., Tagesson, C. and Karlsson, B.W. 1985. “Intestinal Transmission of Macromolecules (BSA and FITC-Dextran) in The Neonatal Pig—Enhancing Effect of Colostrum, Proteins and Proteinase-Inhibitors”. Biology of the Neonate. 47: 359-366.
  147. Wolowczuk, I., Verwaerde, C., Viltart, O., Delanoye, A., Delacre, M., Pot, B., and Grangette, C. 2008. “Feeding Our Immune System: Impact on Metabolism”. Clin Dev Immunol. 1-19,
  148. Woodford, K. 2011. “Milk Proteins and Human Health: A1 Versus A2 Beta-Casein”. Agricultural Management Group Lincoln University, New Zealand.
  149. Wuthrich, B., Schmid, A., Walther, B., Sieber, R. 2005. “Milk Consumption Does Not Lead to Mucus Production or Occurrence of Asthma”. J Am Coll Nutr. 24: 547S-555S.
  150. Xu, M.L., Kim, H.J. and Kim, H.J. 2014. “Effect of Dietary Bovine Colostrum on The Responses of Immune Cells to Stimulation with Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Arch”. Pharm. Res. 37: 494—500.
  151. Yadav, P.K., Chen, C. and Liu, Z.J. 2011. “Potential Role of NK Cells in The Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease”. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 1-7.
  152. Yagil, R. 2004. “Camel Milk and Autoimmune Diseases: Historical Medicine”. http://camelnet.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/0WCamelmilk-autoimmunity.pdf
  153.  

Forthcoming

20 October 2022