SITOKIN DAN KEMOKIN BIOMARKER TUBERKULOSIS LATEN

Authors

DR. Dr. Bobby Singh, Sp.P., M. Kes., FISR, FAPSR., Prof. DR. Reviono,dr., Sp.P (K), FISR; Editor, Mustika Pramestiyani, M.Keb.;

Synopsis

        Masalah TB di Indonesia sangat kompleks, dengan kasus yang tinggi dan termasuk lima besar penyakit di Indonesia, resistensi obat dan serangan terhadap populasi. Selanjutnya, Indonesia, bersama dengan India dan Nigeria, menyumbang setengah dari kasus yang tidak tercatat atau tidak terdiagnosis, khususnya tuberkulosis laten. Tuberkulosis laten merupakan salah satu kunci pencegahan untuk penyakit ITBL, sehingga pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang patofisiologi tuberkulosis dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan diagnosis dan tatalaksana pengobatan.

ISBN: 978-623-5431-69-7

Referensi:

Abohashrh M, Ahmad I, Alam MM, Beg MMA, Alshahrani MY, Irfan S, Verma AK, Alshaghdali K, Saeed M. 2021. Assessment of IL-12, mRNA expression, vitamin-D level, and their correlation among the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis cases, Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; xx:xx-xx

Adrian TBR, Montiel JL, Fernández G, Valecillo A. 2015. Role of cytokines and other factors involved in the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection, World J Immunol 2015;5(1):16-50

Agustin H, Massi MN, Djaharuddin I, Susanto AD, Islam AA, Hatta M. 2021. Analysis of CD4 and CD8 expression in multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis infection with diabetes mellitus: An experimental study in mice, Annals Med Surg 2021; 68:102596

Ai JW, Ruan QL, Liu QH, Zhang WH. Updates on the risk factors for latent tuberculosis reactivation and their managements. Emerging Microbes and Infections. 2016;5:1-8.

Andersen P, Munk ME, Pollock JM, Doherty TM. 2000. Specific immune-based diagnosis of Tuberculosis, Lancet: 356(9235):1099–104, Epub 2000/09/29, PMID: 11009160, 17

Appelberg, R,, and Orme, I.1993. Effector mechanisms involved in cytokinemediated bacteriostasis of Mycobacterium avium infections in murine macrophages. Immunology 80:352

Arias, M., Rojas, M., Zabaleta, J., Rodríguez, J, I., París, S, C., Barrera, L, F.1997. Inhibition of virulent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Bcg r and Bcg s macrophages correlates with nitric oxide production, J, Infect, Dis, 176, 1552–1558, doi: 10,1086/514154

Arriaga AK, Orozco EH, Aguilar GA.2002.Immunological and pathological comparative analysis between experimental latent tuberculous infection and progressive pulmonary Tuberculosis, Clin Exp Immunol; 128:229-237

Aston, C., Rom, W, N., Talbot, A, T., and Reibman, J.1998. Early inhibition of mycobacterial growth by human alveolar macrophages is not due to nitric oxide, Am, J, Respir, Crit, Care Med, 157, 1943–1950, doi: 10,1164/ajrccm,157,6,9705028 Awuh, J, A., and Flo, T, H, (2017), Molecular basis of mycobacterial survival in macrophages, Cell, Mol, Life Sci, 74, 1625–1648, doi: 10,1007/s00018-016-2422-8

Astuti Setyawati, Reviono, Wachid Putranto. Kesesuaian Pemeriksaan Tuberculin Skin Test dan T-SPOT.TB serta Sensitivitas dan Spesifisitas T-SPOT.TB dalam Mendeteksi Infeksi Tuberkulosis Laten pada Pasien Hemodialisis. J Respir Indo 2021;41: 19 – 27

Awuh, J, A,, and Flo, T, H. 2017. Molecular basis of mycobacterial survival in macrophages, Cell, Mol, Life Sci, 74, 1625–1648, doi: 10,1007/s00018-016-2422-8

Azzurri A, Sow OY, Amedei A, Bah B, Diallo S, Peri G, et al. 2005. IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 and pentraxin 3 plasma levels are tools for monitoring inflammation and disease activity in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection, Microbes Infect : 7(1):1–8, Epub 2005/02/18, doi: 10,1016/j,micinf,2004,09,004 PMID: 15716076

Babu S, Bhat SQ, Kumar NP, Kumaraswami V, Nutman TB.2010.Regulatory T cells modulate Th17 responses in patients with positive tuberculin skin test results, J, Infect, Dis, 201:20–31

Behr MA, Wilson MA, Gill WP, Salamon H, Schoolnik GK, Rane S.1999. Comparative genomics of BCG vaccines by whole-genome DNA microarray, Science : 284(5419):1520–3, Epub 1999/05/ 29, PMID: 10348738, 15

Berthet FX, Rasmussen PB, Rosenkrands I, Andersen P, Gicquel B.1998. A Mycobacterium Tuberculosis operon encoding ESAT-6 and a novel low-molecular-mass culture filtrate protein (CFP-10), Microbiology :  144 (Pt 11):3195–203, Epub 1998/12/10, PMID: 9846755, 14

Bhalla AS, Goyal A, Guleria R, Gupta AK. 2015.Chest Tuberculosis: Radiological review and imaging recommendations, IJRI 2015;25(3):213-25

Biselli R, Mariotti S, Sargentini V, Sauzullo I, Lastilla M, Mengoni F. 2010. Detection of interleukin-2 in addition to interferon-gamma discriminates active Tuberculosis patients, latently infected individuals, and controls, Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2010; 16(8):1282–4, doi: 10,1111/j,1469-0691,2009,03104,x

Blanchard DK, Michelini-Norris MB, Friedman H, Djeu JY.1989. Lysis of mycobacteria-infected monocytes by IL-2 activated killer cells: role of LFA-1, Cell Immunol : 119 : 402-11

Boom, W, H.1996. The role of T-cell subsets in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection, Infect, Agents Dis, 5, 73–81

Borgstrom E, Andersen P, Atterfelt F, Julander I, Kallenius G, Maeurer M. 2012.Immune responses to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 by FASCIA and multiplex technology for diagnosis of M, Tuberculosis infection; IP10 is a promising marker, PloS one, 2012; 7(11):e43438, Epub 2012/11/13, doi: 10,1371/journal,pone

Brock I, Ruhwald M, Lundgren B, Westh H, Mathiesen LR, Ravn P. Latent tuberculosis in HIV positive, diagnosed by the M. Tuberculosis specific interferon-γ test. Respiratory Research. 2006;7:1-9.

Chan, J., Xing, Y., Magliozzo, R, S., and Bloom, B, R.1992. Killing of virulent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by activated murine macrophages, J, Exp, Med, 175, 1111–1122, doi: 10,1084/jem,175,4,1111

Chee CBE, Reves R, Zhang Y, Belknap R. 2018. Latent Tuberculosis infection: Opportunities and challenges, Respirology 2018; 23(10):893-900, doi: 10,1111/resp,13346, Epub 2018 Jun 14

Chiappini E, Della Bella C, Bonsignori F, Sollai S, Amedei A, et al, Potential role of M, Tuberculosis specific IFN-g and IL-2 ELISPOT assays in discriminating children with active or latent Tuberculosis, PLoS ONE 2012; 7(9): e46041, doi:10,1371/journal,pone,0046041

Chkhartishvili N, Kempker RR, Dvali N, Abashidze L, Gabunia P, Blumberg HM, et al. Poor agreement between interferon-gamma release assays and the tuberculin skin test among HIV-infected individuals in the country og Georgia. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2013;13:1-7.

Clark SA, Martin SL, Pozniak A. Tuberculosis antigen-specific immune responses can be detected using enzyme-linked immunospot technology in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 patients with advanced disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;150:238-44.

Cole ST, Brosch R, Parkhill J, Garnier T, Churcher C, Harris D, et al, 1998, Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence, Nature : 393(6685):537–44, Epub 1998/06/20, doi: 10,1038/31159 PMID: 9634230

Collins D, Hafidz F, Mustikawati D. 2017. The economic burden of Tuberculosis in Indonesia, Int J Tubercle Lung Dis 2017; 21(9):1041-1048

Connell TG, Ritz N, Paxton GA, Buttery JP, Curtis N, Ranganathan SC. A three-way comparison of tuberculin skin testing, quantiFeron-TB gold and T-SPOT.TB in children. Plos One. 2008;3:1-8.

Cooper AM, Kipnis A, Turner J, Magram J, Ferrante J, Orme IM.2002. Mice lacking bioactive IL-12 can generate protective, antigen-specific cellular responses to mycobacterial infection only if the IL-12 p40 subunit is present, J, Immunol, 168:1322–1327

Cunningham-Bussel, A,, Bange, F, C,, and Nathan, C, F.2013. Nitrite impacts the survival of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in response to isoniazid and hydrogen peroxide, Microbiologyopen 2, 901–911, doi: 10,1002/ mbo3,126

Darwin, K, H,, Ehrt, S,, Gutierrez-Ramos, J, C,, Weich, N,, and Nathan, C, F.2003. The proteasome of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is required for resistancetonitricoxide,Science302,1963–1966,doi:10,1126/science,1091176

Denis, M.1991. Interferon-gamma-treated murine macrophages inhibit growth of tubercle bacilli via the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates, Cell, Immunol, 132, 150–157, doi: 10,1016/0008-8749(91)90014-3

Diel R, Goletti D, Ferrara G, Bothamley G, Cirillo D, Kampmann B, et al. Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2011;37:88-99.

 

Dlugovitzky, D., Bay, M, L, Rateni, L,, Fiorenza, G,, Vietti, L,, Farroni, M, A.2000. Influence of disease severity on nitrite and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB), Clin, Exp, Immunol, 122, 343–349, doi: 10,1046/j,1365-2249,2000,01394,x

 

Doi, T., Ando, M., Akaike, T., Suga, M., Sato, K., and Maeda, H.1993.Resistance to nitric oxide in Mycobacterium avium complex and its implication in pathogenesis, Infect, Immun, 61, 1980–1989

 

Druszczynska M, Kulbat MK, Fol M.2012. Latent M, Tuberculosis Infection :Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Strategies, Polish Journal of Microbiology; 61(1)3-10

 

Dufour JH, Dziejman M, Liu MT, Leung JH, Lane TE, Luster AD.2002. IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP10; CXCL10)-deficient mice reveal a role for IP-10 in effector T cell generation and trafficking, J Immunol; 168(7):3195–204, Epub 2002/03/22, PMID: 11907072

 

Dunn, P, L., and North, R, J.1995. Virulence ranking of some Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis strains according to their ability to multiply in the lungs, induce lung pathology, and cause mortality in mice, Infect, Immun, 63, 3428–3437

Dutta et al NK, Karakausis PC.2014. Latent Tuberculosis infection: myths, models, and molecular mechanisms, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2014 Sep;78(3):343-71, doi: 10,1128/MMBR,00010-14

 

Dutta et al NK, Karakousis PC. 2014. Latent Tuberculosis infection: Myths, models, and molecular mechanisms, MMBR ;78(3):342-61

Edwards, D,, and Kirkpatrick, C, H.1986. The immunology of Mycobacterial diseases 1, 2, Am, Rev, Respir, Dis, 134, 1062–1071, doi: 10,1164/arrd,1986,134,5,1062

 

Ehrt, S,, and Schnappinger, D.2009. Mycobacterial survival strategies in the phagosome: defence against host stresses, Cell, Microbiol, 11, 1170–1178, doi: 10,1111/j,1462-5822,2009,01335,x

 

Ernst, W, A,, Thoma-Uszynski, S,, Teitelbaum, R,, Ko, C,, Hanson, D, A,, Clayberger, C. 2000. Granulysin, a T cell product, kills bacteria by altering membrane permeability, J, Immunol, 165, 7102–7108, doi: 10,4049/jimmunol,165,12,7102

 

Esquivel-Solís,H.,Vallecillo,A,J,,Benítez-Guzmán,A,,Adams,L,G,,López-Vidal, Y,, and Gutiérrez-Pabello, J, A, 2013, Nitric oxide not apoptosis mediates differential killing of Mycobacterium bovis in bovine macrophages, PLoS ONE 8:e63464, doi: 10,1371/journal,pone,0063464

 

Farber JM.1997.  Mig and IP-10: CXC chemokines that target lymphocytes, J Leukoc Biol, 1997; 61(3):246– Epub 1997/03/01, PMID: 9060447

 

Fenhalls G, Wong A, Bezuidenhout J, van Helden P, Bardin P, Lukey PT. 2000.  In situ production of gamma interferon, interleukin-4 and tumour necrosis factor alpha mRNA in human lung tuberculous granulomas, Infect Immun 2000; 68 : 2827-36

 

Ferguson TW, Tangri N, Macdonald K, Hiebert B, Rigatto C, Sood MM, et al. The diagnositic accurancy of test for latent tuberculosis infection in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transpalntation. 2015;99:1084-91.

 

Ferrero E, Biswas P, Vettoretto K, Ferrarini M, Uguccioni M, Piali L.2003. Macrophages exposed to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis release chemokines able to recruit selected leucocyte subpopulations: focus on gammadelta cells, Immunology, 2003; 108(3):365–74, Epub 2003/02/27, PMID: 12603603;PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1782907

 

Flesch, I, E., and Kaufmann, S, H.1991. Mechanisms involved in mycobacterial growth inhibition by gamma interferon-activated bone marrow macrophages: role of reactive nitrogen intermediates, Infect, Immun, 59, 3213–3218

 

Flynn JL, Goldtsein MM, Chan J, Triebold KJ, Pfeffersps K, Lowenstein CJ, Schreiber R, Mak TW, Bloom BR. 1995. Tumor necrosis factor-a is required in the protective immune response against mycobacterium Tuberculosis in mice, Immunity 1995; 2:561-572

Flynn, J, L., Scanga, C, A., Tanaka, K, E., and Chan, J.1998. Effects of aminoguanidine on latent murine Tuberculosis, J, Immunol, 160, 1796–1803

 

Fogel N, Tuberculosis: A disease without boundaries, Elsevier Ltd 2015;95:527-31

Garbe, T., Hibler, N., and Deretic, V.1999.Response to reactive nitrogen intermediates in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: induction of the 16-Kilodalton α-Crystallin Homolog by Exposure to Nitric Oxide Donors, Infect, Immun, 67, 460–465

Global Tuberculosis Report.2019. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2019, https://www,who,int/tb/publications/global_report/en/

Gonzalez RD, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA.2017. Cytokines and chemokines in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection, ASMscience 2017:1-37

Gopal R, Monin L, Slight S, Uche U, Blanchard E, Junecko BAF. 2014. Unexpected Role for IL-17 in Protective Immunity against Hypervirulent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis HN878 Infection, PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004099

Guirado E, Schlesinger LS.2013. Modeling the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis granuloma – the critical battlefield in host immunity and disease, Frontiers in Immunology 2013;4(98):1-7

Harboe M, Oettinger T, Wiker HG, Rosenkrands I, Andersen P.1996. Evidence for occurrence of the ESAT-6 protein in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and virulent Mycobacterium bovis and for its absence in Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Infect Immun, 1996; 64(1):16–22, Epub 1996/01/01, PMID: 8557334; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC173721, 12

Hausladen, A., Privalle, C, T., Keng, T,, DeAngelo, J., and Stamler, J, S.1996. Nitrosative stress:activation ofthetranscription factor OxyR, Cell 86,719–729, doi: 10,1016/S0092-8674(00)80147-6

Herchline TE, Amorosa JK, Tuberculosis (TB), 02 Maret 2020, Didapat dari : https://emedicine,medscape,com/article/230802-overview#a5, Diakses pada tanggal 05 Maret 2020

Hussein MT, Yousef LM, Ali AT. Detection of latent tuberculosis infection in hemodialysis patients: comparison between the quantiferon-tuberculosis gold test and tuberculin skin test. Egypt J Bronchol. 2017;11:255-9.

Idh, J., Westman, A., Elias, D., Moges, F., Getachew, A., Gelaw, A.2008. Nitric oxide production in the exhaled air of patients with pulmonary Tuberculosis in relation to HIV co-infection, BMC Infect, Dis, 8:146, doi: 10,1186/1471-2334-8-146

Jetley S, Jairajpuri ZS, Pujani M, Khan S, Rana S. 2016.Tuberculosis “The Great Imitator”: A usual disease with unusual presentations, IJTB 2016;77(6):1-6

Kaneko H,, Yamada H,, Mizuno S.1999.Role of tumor necrosis factor-a in mycobacterium-induced granuloma formation in tumor necrosis factor-a-deficient mice, Lab, Invest, 1999; 79:379–386

Kaplan G, Luster AD, Hancock G, Cohn ZA.1987. The expression of a gamma interferon-induced protein (IP10) in delayed immune responses in human skin, J Exp Med, 1987; 166(4):1098–108, Epub 1987/10/PMID: 2443597; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2188712

Kayembe JN (ed.).2018. Tuberculosis, London: Intech Open:2018, H,102-3

Keane J, Balcewicz-Sablinska MK, Remold HG, Chupp GL, Meek BB, Fenton MJ.1997. Infection by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis promotes human alveolar macrophage apoptosis, Infect Immun 1997; 65 : 298-304

Kementerian Kesehatan RI.2013. Pedoman nasional pelayanan kedokteran tata laksana Tuberculosis, Jakarta: 2013, H,25-38

Khader SA, Partida-Sanchez S, Bell G, Jelley-Gibbs DM, Swain S, Pearl JE, Ghilardi N, Desauvage FJ, Lund FE, Cooper AM. 2006. Interleukin 12p40 is required for dendritic cell migration and T cell priming after Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection, J, Exp, Med, 203:1805–1815

Khan MK, Islam MN, Ferdous J, Alam MM.2019. An overview on epidemiology of Tuberculosis, Mymensingh Med J 2019; 28(1):259-266

Kumar N, Vishwas KG, Kumar M, Reddy J, Parab M, Manikanth CL, Pavithra BS, Shandil RK. 2014. Pharmacokinetics and dose response of anti-TB drugs in rat infection model of Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis 2014; 94:282-286

Kuo, H,-P,, Wang, C,-H,, Huang, K,-S,, Lin, H,-C,, Yu, C,-T,, Liu, C,-Y. 2000. Nitric oxide modulates interleukin-1 β and tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis by alveolar macrophages in pulmonary Tuberculosis, Am, J, Respir, Crit, Care Med, 161, 192–199, doi: 10,1164/ajrccm,161,1, 9902113

Kwon, O, J., Kim, J, H., Kim, H, C., Suh, G, Y., Park, J, W., Chung, M, P.1998. Nitric oxide expression in airway epithelial cells in response to tubercle bacilli stimulation, Respirology 3, 119–124, doi: 10,1111/j,1440-1843,1998,tb00109x

Lee SSJ, Chou KJ, Dou HY, Huang TS, Ni YY, Fang HC, et al. High prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in dialysis patients using the interferon-γ release assay and tuberculin skin test. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(8):1451-7.

Lee SSJ, Chou KJ, Su IJ, Chen YS, Fang HC, Huang TS, et al. High prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in patients in end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: comparison of Quantiferon–TB Gold, ELISPOT, and Tuberculin Skin Test. Infection. 2009;37(2):96-102.

Leidl L, Kizza HM, Sotgiu G, Baseke J, Ernst M, Hirsch C, et al. Relationship of immunodiagnostic assays for tuberculosis and numbers of circulating CD4+ T-cells in HIV-infection. European Respiratory Society. 2009;1-25.

Leshinsky SS.2016. Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Improving diagnosis and management, JAAPA 2016;29(2):20-5

Lestari BW, McAllister S, Hadisoemarto PF, Afifah N, Jani ID, Murray M, van Crevel R, Hill PC, Alisjahbana B.2020. Patient pathways and delays to diagnosis and treatment of Tuberculosis in an urban setting in Indonesia, The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific 2020; 100058 https://doi,org/10,1016/j,lanwpc,2020,100059

Lewinsohn, D,M.,Bement,T,T,,Xu,J,,Lynch,D,H,,Grabstein,K,H,,Reed,S,G.1998. Human purified protein derivative-specific CD4+ T cellsuseboth CD95-dependent and CD95-independent cytolytic mechanisms, J, Immunol, 160, 2374–2379

Liew, F,, and Cox, F.1991. Nonspecific defence the role of nitric oxide, Parasitol, Today 7, 17–21, doi: 10,1016/0169-4758(91)90023-H

Lin Y, Zhang M, Hofman FM, Gong J, Barnes PF.1996. Absence of a prominent Th2 cytokine response in human Tuberculosis, InfectImmun 1996; 64 : 1351-6

Lounis N, Ji B, Truffot-Pernot C, Ridley RG, Alber G, Grosset JH.1999.Impacts of interleukin-12 on multiplication of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex in mice, Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5:331-338

Luster AD, Unkeless JC, Ravetch JV.1985. Gamma-interferon transcriptionally regulates an early-response gene containing homology to platelet proteins, Nature, 1985; 315(6021):672–6, Epub 1985/06/20, PMID: 3925348

MacMicking, J., Xie, Q-W., and Nathan, C.1997. Nitric oxide and macrophage function, Annu, Rev, Immunol, 15, 323–350, doi: 10,1146/annurev,immunol,15,1,323

Mahairas GG, Sabo PJ, Hickey MJ, Singh DC, Stover CK.1996. Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M, bovis, Journal of bacteriology, 1996; 178(5):1274– 82, Epub 1996/03/01, PMID: 8631702; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC177799, 16,

Mandalakas AM, Kirchner HL, Walzl G, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Cotton MF.2015. Optimizing the Detection of Recent Tuberculosis Infection in Children in a High Tuberculosis-HIV Burden Setting, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015; 191(7):820–30, Epub 2015/01/27, doi: 10,1164/rccm,201406-1165OC PMID: 25622087

Mikaili, P,, Moloudizargari, M,, and Aghajanshakeri, S.2014. Treatment with topical nitroglycerine may promote the healing process of diabetic foot ulcers, Med, Hypotheses, 83, 172–174, doi: 10,1016/j,mehy,2014,05,002

Miller, B, H., Fratti, R, A., Poschet, J, F., Timmins, G, S., Master, S, S., Burgos, M.2004. Mycobacteria inhibit nitric oxide synthase recruitment to phagosomes during macrophage infection, Infect, Immun, 72, 2872–2878, doi: 10,1128/IAI,72,5,2872-2878,2004

Mohammadzadeh P.2015. Pharmacokinetics and dose response of three different anti-TB drugs in rat (balb/c) infection model of Tuberculosis, Int J Mycobacteriol 2015; 4:170

Moore DAJ, Lightstone L, Javid B, Friedland JS. High rates of tuberculosis in end stage renal failure: the impact of international migration. Emerging Infect Dis. 2002;8(1):77-8.

Mori T, Sakatani M, Yamagishi F, Takashima T, Kawabe Y, Nagao K.2004. Specific detection of Tuberculosis infection: an interferon-gamma-based assay using new antigens, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004; 170(1):59–64, Epub 2004/04/03, doi: 10,1164/rccm,200402-179OC PMID: 15059788

Mortaz, E., Adcock, I, M., Tabarsi, P., Darazam, I, A., Movassaghi, M., Garssen, J. 2017. Pattern recognitions receptors in immunodeficiency disorders, Eur, J, Pharmacol, 808, 49–56, doi: 10,1016/j,ejphar,2017,01,014

Myall K, Milburn HJ. An update on the management of latent tuberculosis infection and active disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2017;127(10):681-6.

Nachiappan AC, Rahbar K, Shi X, Guy ES, Barbosa EFM. 2017. Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Role of radiology in diagnosis and management, RSNA 2017;37(1):52-72

Nathan, C, F,, and Hibbs, J, B.1991. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity, Curr, Opin, Immunol, 3, 65–70, doi: 10,1016/0952-7915(91)90079-G

Nathan, C,, and Shiloh, M, U.2000.Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens, Proc, Natl, Acad, Sci, U,S,A, 97, 8841–8848, doi: 10,1073/pnas,97,16,8841

Nicholson, S,, Bonecini-Almeida Mda, G,, Lapa e Silva, J, R,, Nathan, C,, Xie, Q, W,, Mumford, R.1996. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary alveolar macrophages from patients with Tuberculosis, J, Exp, Med, 183, 2293–2302, doi: 10,1084/jem,183,5,2293

Nie W, Wang J, Jing W, Shi W, Wang Q, Huang X. 2020. Value of serum cytokine biomarkers TNF-α, IL-4, sIL-2R and IFN-γ for use in monitoring bacterial load and anti-Tuberculosis treatment progress, Cytokine: X 2020; 2:100028

Nunoshiba, T,, DeRojas-Walker, T,, Tannenbaum, S, R,, and Demple, B. 1995. Roles of nitric oxide in inducible resistance of Escherichia coli to activated murine macrophages, Infect, Immun, 63, 794–798

Orme IM, Cooper AM.1999. Cytokine/chemokine cascades in immunity to Tuberculosis, Immunol Today,1999; 20(7):307–12, Epub 1999/06/24, PMID: 10379048

Panjaitan FM, Daulay RM, Dalimunthe W.2013. Tuberculosis Laten pada Anak, FK USU; 46(1):40-43

Paton NI, Borand L, Benedicto J, Kyid MM, Mahmud AM, Norazmi MN. 2019. Diagnosis and management of latent Tuberculosis infection in Asia: Review of current status and challenges, Int J Infect Dis 2019; 87:21-29

Pearce, M, J., Arora, P., Festa, R, A., Butler-Wu, S, M., Gokhale, R, S., and Darwin, K, H. 2006. Identification of substrates of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis proteasome, EMBO J, 25, 5423–5432, doi: 10,1038/sj,emboj,7601405

Peteroy-Kelly, M., Venketaraman, V., and Connell, N, D.2001. Effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection on regulation of L-arginine uptake and synthesis of reactive nitrogen intermediates in J774, 1 murine macrophages, Infect, Immun, 69, 5823–5831, doi: 10,1128/IAI,69,9,5823-5831,2001

Piana F, Codecasa LR, Cavallerio O, Ferrarese M, Migliori GB, Barbarano L, et al. Use of a T-cell-based test for detection of tuberculosis infection among immunocompromised patients. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:31-4.

Purnamasari D.2018. The emergence of non-communicable disease in indonesia, Acta Med Indones 2018; 50(4):273-274

Qiu X, Xiong T, Su X, Qu Y, Ge L. 2019. Accumulate evidence for IP-10 in diagnosing pulmonary Tuberculosis, BMC Infectious Diseases 2019;19(924):1-9

Rakhmawati W, Nilmanat K, Hatthakit U.2019. Moving from fear to realization: Family engagement in Tuberculosis prevention in children living in Tuberculosis Sundanese households in Indonesia, Int J Nurs Sci 2019; 6:272-277 

Rao M,  Ippolito G, Mfinanga S, Francine N, toumi F,Yeboah-Manuf D, Vilaplanag C, Zumlah A, Maeureri M.2019. Latent TB Infection (LTBI) – Mycobacterium Tuberculosis pathogenesis and the dynamics of the granuloma battleground, International Journal of  Infectious Diseases 80 (2019) S58–S61

Raviglione, M, C., Snider, D, E., and Kochi, A.1995. Global epidemiology of Tuberculosis: morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic, JAMA 273, 220–226, doi: 10,1001/jama,1995,03520270054031

Ravimohan S, Kornfeld H, Weissman D, Bisson GP, Tuberculosis and lung damage: from epidemiology to pathophysiology, Eur Respir Rev 2018;27:1-20

Reviono Reviono , Leli Saptawati , Dhani Redhono , Betty Suryawati. Good Agreement between an Interferon Gamma Release Assay and Tuberculin Skin Tests in Testing for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Indonesia. J Korean Med Sci. 2019 Oct 21;34(40):e259.

Rhee, K, Y., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Tempst, P., and Nathan, C, F. 2005. Snitroso proteome of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: enzymes of intermediary metabolismandantioxidantdefense,Proc, Natl, Acad, Sci, U,S,A,102,467–472, doi: 10,1073/pnas,0406133102

Rhoades, E, R., and Orme, I, M. 1997. Susceptibility of a panel of virulent strainsofMycobacterium Tuberculosistoreactivenitrogenintermediates, Infect, Immun, 65, 1189–1195

Ritter K, Sodenkamp JC, Hölscher A, Behrends J, Hölscher C, IL-6 is not absolutely essential for the development of a TH17 immune response after an aerosol infection with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37rv, Cells 2021; 10:9, https://doi,org/10,3390/cells10010009 

Rook, G, A., Steele, J., Ainsworth, M., and Champion, B, R.1986. Activation of macrophages to inhibit proliferation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: comparison of the effects of recombinant gamma-interferon on human monocytes and murine peritoneal macrophages, Immunology 59:333

Ruhwald M, Aabye MG, Ravn P.2012. IP-10 release assays in the diagnosis of Tuberculosis infection: currentstatus and future directions, Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2012; 12(2):175–87, Epub 2012/03/01, doi: 10,1586/erm,11,97 PMID: 22369377

Ruhwald M, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Rabna P, Kofoed K, Eugen-Olsen J, Ravn P. 2007. CXCL10/IP-10 release is induced by incubation of whole blood from Tuberculosis patients with ESAT-6, CFP10 and TB7,7, Microbes Infect, 2007; 9(7):806–12, Epub 2007/05/30, S1286-4579(07)00101-3 [pii] doi: 10, 1016/j,micinf,2007,02,021 PMID: 17533146

 

Sahiratmadja, E., Alisjahbana, B,, de Boer, T,, Adnan, I,, Maya, A,, Danusantoso, H. 2007. Dynamic changes in pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles and gamma interferon receptor signaling integrity correlate with Tuberculosis disease activity and response to curative treatment, Infect, Immun, 75, 820–829, doi: 10,1128/IAI,00602-06

Santin M, Morandeira-Rego F, Alcaide F, Rabunal R, Anobarro L, Aguero-Balbin R, Casas-Garcia X. 2016. Detection of interleukin-2 is not useful for distinguishing between latent and active Tuberculosis in clinical practice: a prospective cohort study, Clin Micorbiol Infect 2016; 22:1007,e1-1007,e5

Sanyaolu A, Schwartz J, Roberts K, Evora J, Dhother K. 2019.Tuberculosis: A review of current trends, Epidemol Int J 2019;3(2): 1-12

Sargentini V, Mariotti S, Carrara S, Gagliardi MC, Teloni R, Goletti D, Nisini R.2009. Cytometric detection of antigen-specific IFN-γ/IL-2 secreting cells in the diagnosis of Tuberculosis, BMC Infectious Diseases 2009, 9:99 doi:10,1186/1471-2334-9-99

Sawhney CM, Sharma MGY. Significance of tuberculin in HIV infection: an Indian perspective. MJAFI. 2006;62:104-7.

Scanga,C,A,,Mohan,V,P,,Tanaka,K,,Alland,D,,Flynn,J,L,,andChan,J. 2001. The inducible nitric oxide synthase locus confers protection against aerogenic challenge of both clinical and laboratory strains of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in mice, Infect, Immun, 69, 7711–7717, doi: 10,1128/IAI,69,12,7711-7717,2001

Schmidt, H, H,, and Walter, U. 1994. NO at work, Cell 78, 919–925, doi: 10,1016/0092-8674(94)90267-4

Schwander S, Dheda K. 2011. Human Lung Immunity against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Insights into Pathogenesis and Protection, Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 183:696-707

Sciorati,C,,Rovere,P,,Ferrarini,M,,Paolucci,C,,Heltai,S,,Vaiani,R.1999. Generation of nitric oxide by the inducible nitric oxide synthase protects γδ T cells from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-induced apoptosis, J, Immunol, 163, 1570–1576

Segal L, Covic A. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in dialysis patients: current strategy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1114-22.

Segueni N, Jacobs M, Ryffel B. 2021. Innate type 1 immune response, but not IL-17 cells control Tuberculosis infection, Biomed J 2021; 44:165-171

Serbina, N, V,, Liu, C, C,, Scanga, C, A,, and Flynn, J, L.2000. CD8+ CTL from lungs of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-infected mice express perforin in vivo and lyse infected macrophages, J, Immunol, 165, 353–363, doi: 10,4049/jimmunol,165,1,353

Shankar MSR, aravindan NA, Sohal PM, Kohli HS, Sud K, Gupta KL, et al. The Prevalence of tuberculin sensitivity and anergy in chronic renal failure in an endemic area: tuberculin test and risk of post transplant tuberculosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:2720-4.

Sharma D, Sarkar D.2018. Pathophysiology of Tuberculosis: An update review, PharmaTutor 2018;6(2): 15- 21

Shu CC, Hsu CL, Lee CY, Wang JY, Wu C, Yang FJ, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among non dialysis patients with severe chronic kidney disease patients receiving dialysis, and the dialysis unit staff: a cross sectional study. Plos One. 2015;10(4):1-9.

Simsek H, Alpar S, Ucar N, Aksu F, Ceyhan I, Gozalan A, et al. Comparison of tuberculin skin testing and T-SPOT.TB for diagnosis of latent and active tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 2010;.63:99-102.

Singhal A, Aliouat EM, Hervé M, Mathys V, Kiass M, Creusy C.2011. Experimental Tuberculosis in the Wistar rat: a model for protective immunity and control of infection, PLoS ONE 2011;6:e18632

Singhal A, Mathys V, Kiass M, Creusy C, Delaire B. 2011. BCG Induces Protection against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in the Wistar Rat Model, PLoS ONE 2011; 6(12):e28082, doi:10,1371/journal,pone,0028082

Sorensen AL, Nagai S, Houen G, Andersen P, Andersen AB.1995. Purification and characterization of a lowmolecular-mass T-cell antigen secreted by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Infect Immun, 1995; 63 (5):1710–7, Epub 1995/05/01, PMID: 7729876; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC173214, 13

 

Stenger, S,, Hanson, D, A,, Teitelbaum, R,, Dewan, P,, Niazi, K, R,, Froelich, C, J. 1998. An antimicrobial activity of cytolytic T cells mediated by granulysin, Science 282, 121–125, doi: 10,1126/science,282,5386,121

 

Suárez I, Fünger SM, Kröger S, Rademacher J, Fätkenheuer G, Rybniker J.2019. The diagnosis and treatment of Tuberculosis, Dtsch Arztebl Int 2019;116:729–35

Sugawara I, Yamada H, Mizuno S.2004. Pathological and immunological profiles of rat Tuberculosis, Int J Exp Path 2004; 85:125-134

Sugawara I,, Yamada H,, Kazumi Y.1998. Induction of granulomas in interferon-g gene-disrupted mice by avirulent but not by virulent strains of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, J, Med, Microbiol, 1998; 47:871–877

Sun Q, Wei W, Sha W.2016.Potential role for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis specific IL-2 and IFN-γ responses in discriminating between latent infection and active disease after long-term stimulation, PLoS One 2016;11(12):1-14

Suzukawa M, Akashi S, Nagai H, Nagase H, Nakamura H, Matsui H, Hebisawa A, Ohta K. 2016. Combined Analysis of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-1RA and MCP-1 in QFT Supernatant Is Useful for Distinguishing Active Tuberculosis from Latent Infection, PloS One 2016, https://doi,org/10,1371/journal,pone,0152483

Talati NJ, Gonzales-Diaz E, Wendt J, Kilembe W, Mwananyanda L, Chomba E, et al. Diagnosis of Infeksi TB latenamong HIV discordant partners using interferon gamma release assays. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2011;11:1-7.

Tania T, Sudarmono P, Kusumawati RL, Rukmana A, Pratama WA, Regmi SM. 2020.Whole-genome sequencing analysis of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis from Java, Indonesia, J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1013-1019

Trajman A, Steffen RE, Menzies D. Interferon-gamma release assays versus tuberculin skin testing for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an overview of the evidence. Pulmonary Medicine. 2013;1:1-12.

Turgut T, Akbulut H, Deveci F, Kacar C, Muz MH.2006. Serum interleukin-2 and neopterin levels as useful markers for treatment of active pulmonary Tuberculosis, Tohoku J Exp Med 2006; 209:321-328

U, Mack, G,B, Migliori, M, Sester, H,L, Rieder, S, Ehlers, D, Goletti, A, Bossink, K, Magdorf, C, Ho ¨lscher, B, Kampmann, S,M, Arend, A, Detjen, G, Bothamley, J,P, Zellweger, H, Milburn, R, Diel, P, Ravn, F, Cobelens, P,J, Cardona, B, Kan, I, Solovic, R, Duarte, D,M, Cirillo and C.2009. Lange for the TBNET, LTBI: latent Tuberculosis infection or lasting immune responses to M, Tuberculosis? A TBNET consensus statement, Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 956–973 DOI: 10,1183/09031936,00120908

Ufimtseva E. 2014. Mycobacterium-host cell relationship in granulomatous lesions in a mouse model of latent tuberculous infection, BioMed Research International 2014;2015:1-16

Umar FF, Husain DR, Hatta MM, Natzir RR, Sjahril RS, Dwiyanti RR, Junita AR, Primaguna MR.2020. Molecular characterisation of mutations associated with resistance to first- and second-line drugs among Indonesian patients with Tuberculosis, J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 15(1):54-58

Velmurugan, K., Chen, B., Miller, J, L., Azogue, S., Gurses, S., and Hsu, T. 2007. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis nuoG is a virulence gene that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, PLoS Pathog, 3:e110, doi: 10,1371/journal,ppat,0030110

 

Wang, C, H., Lin, H, C., Liu, C, Y., Huang, K, H., Huang, T, T., Yu, C, T. 2001. Upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytokine secretion in peripheral blood monocytes from pulmonary Tuberculosis patients, Int, J, Tubercul, Lung Dis, 5, 283–291

Wang, T,, Li, H,, Lin, G,, Tang, C,, Li, D,, Nathan, C. 2009. Structural insights on the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis proteasomal ATPase Mpa, Structure 17, 1377–1385, doi: 10,1016/j,str,2009,08,010

Wani RLS.2013. Tuberculosis 2: Pathophysiology and microbiology of pulmonary Tuberculosis, SSMJ 2013;6(1);10-2

Wergeland I, Pullar N, Assmus J, Ueland T, Tonby K. 2015. IP-10 differentiates between active and latent Tuberculosis irrespective of HIV status and declines during therapy, Journal of Infection 2015;70:381-91

World Health Organization. 2016. Global Tuberculosis Programme : Guidelines on the management of latent Tuberculosis infection, 2016:1-38

World Health Organization.2016. Global Tuberculosis Report 2016; 2016:3-204

World Heart Organization.2010. Treatment of Tuberculosis: guidelines, 4th ed, Geneva: WHO:2010 :29-49

Yamada H,, Mizuno S,, Reza-Gholizadeh M,, Sugawara I.2001. Relative importance of NF-kB p50 in mycobacterial infection, Infect, Immun, 2001; 69, 7100–7105

Yu, K,, Mitchell, C,, Xing, Y,, Magliozzo, R, S,, Bloom, B, R,, and Chan, J. 1999. Toxicity of nitrogen oxides and related oxidants on mycobacteria: M, Tuberculosis is resistant to peroxynitrite anion, Tubercle Lung Dis, 79, 191–198, doi: 10,1054/tuld,1998,0203

Zhang, Y., Broser, M., Cohen, H., Bodkin, M., Law, K., Reibman, J.1995. Enhanced interleukin-8 release and gene expression in macrophages after exposure to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and its components, J, Clin, Invest, 95:586, doi: 10,1172/JCI117702

Zuniga J, Garcia DT, Mendoza TS. 2012. Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Tuberculosis, Clinical and Developmental Immunology; 2012:1-18

 

Author Biography

DR. Dr. Bobby Singh, Sp.P., M. Kes., FISR, FAPSR., Prof. DR. Reviono,dr., Sp.P (K), FISR; Editor, Mustika Pramestiyani, M.Keb.;

 

 

Forthcoming

22 March 2023